Whereas, the indigenous Hawaiian people never directly relinquished their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people or over their national lands to the United States, either through their monarchy or through a plebiscite or referendum;

This gets back to the question of what happened in 1959. What validity was that entitled to? Congress is saying, none. And I would say even before this, none, because you didn't have a plebiscite conducted by the United Nations organization itself, which would have been a requirement if Article 73 of the UN Charter had been carried out. The U.S. didn't do that. So Congress is effectively conceding now that the so-called vote is meaningless, as a matter of international law and United States domestic law. So you're not bound by it. Rather, I'm suggesting you're now free to determine your own fate pursuant to the principle of self-determination in Article 1, paragraph 2 of the United Nations Charter. Prof. Francis A. Boyle Dec. 28, 1993